Proposal of a flow scheme for the chemical-form-based quantitative analysis of chlorine compounds in pulp for sanitary products and verification of safety

To determine the amounts and chemical forms of chlorine compounds in elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleached pulp for sanitary products, a chemical-form-based quantitative analysis flow scheme was created. The scheme involves quantitative determination of compounds eluted in elution tests assuming dermal exposure. The results indicated that most of the chlorine compounds in pulp used for sanitary products were insoluble organically bound chlorine and water-soluble chlorides consisting of chloride ions. The total amount of chlorine obtained by analysis of the total chlorine in the pulp products was close to the sum of the amounts of water-soluble chlorides, residual chlorine, chloroacetic acids, and insoluble organically bound chlorine. Therefore, the balance of chlorine measured by the flow scheme was acceptable. Little residual chlorine was detected in the pulp products, suggesting that the chlorine dioxide used for bleaching was almost completely converted into inactive inorganic chlorides and organic chlorine compounds and that these substances do not affect the health risk posed by pulp products. A risk assessment of the detected chloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid revealed that there is no concern about the health risk posed by use of these products.     

Sodium carboxyl-methyl-cellulose dressings in the management of deep ulcerations of diabetic foot.

AIMS: To test the safety and effectiveness of carboxyl-methyl-cellulose dressing (Aquacel; ConvaTec, UK) in the management of deep diabetic foot ulcers, a group of consecutive out-patients attending the foot clinic of the Department of Metabolic Diseases was studied. METHODS: Patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: a foot ulcer deeper than 1 cm for > 3 weeks, good peripheral blood supply (palpable peripheral pulses or ABPI > 0.9). Exclusion criteria were as follows: active infection, as evident from clinical signs (purulent discharge, redness, swelling, tenderness) and confirmed by culture exams, plasma creatinine > 2 mg/dl, recent episodes of ketoacidosis, malignancies, and any therapy or pathology which might interfere with the healing process. Twenty patients were enrolled in the study and having obtained their informed consent, their lesions were surgically debrided with the complete elimination of all necrotic tissue and debris up to the bleeding healthy tissue; then ulcers were staged and measured, and patients were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups. Patients in group A were dressed with saline-moistened gauze, while patients in group B were dressed with Aquacel according to the manufacturer's instructions. All patients in both groups received special post-operative shoes (Podiabetes; Zeno Buratto, Treviso, Italy) and crutches until complete re-epithelialization. Ulcers were all left to heal by secondary intent. After 8 weeks patients were blindly evaluated for: the rate of reduction of lesional volume (RLV), rate of granulation tissue (GT), number of infective complications (IC). Intralesional (ILTC) and perilesional (PLTC) temperatures were also recorded with a thermocouple surface digital thermometer, and the difference between the two values (Delta TC) was calculated. Healing time (HT, days), was then compared between the two groups. Data were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA), linear regression, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: HT was significantly shorter in Group B than in Group A (P < 0.001). RLV was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in Group B patients compared with Group A, as well as GT (P < 0.05). IC were in 1/10 Group B and in 3/10 Group A (P = 0.582). In addition, both ILTC and Delta TC were higher in Group B compared with Group A ones (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Carboxyl-methyl-cellulose dressings were shown to be safe, effective and well tolerated in the management of non-ischaemic, non-infected deep diabetic foot ulcers.     

Rotary pursuit, a measure of human performance, and plasma concentrations of promethazine

Promethazine in doses of 50 mg has demonstrated detrimental effects upon the performance of visual tasks. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the blood concentration levels of promethazine and two human performance tasks. Fifteen paid healthy male volunteers completed a randomized five-way crossover design which included a 25 mg and 50 mg dose of the innovator dosage form, a 50 mg dose of a generic dosage form, a 50 mg solution dosage form, and a placebo. Serial blood samples were obtained in addition to performance measures of rotary pursuit and a simple force choice reaction time. Analysis of the forced choice reaction depicted a mild relationship with the blood concentration levels of promethazine. However, the measures of rotary pursuit, a more sensitive determinant of human motor performance, proved to be more related to both the promethazine blood concentration and the inherent learning which was confounded in the experiment. The degree of impaired pursuit performance and reaction time differences could be defined in terms of a linear relationship to the promethazine concentration.     

Importance of drug type, tablet shape and added diluents on drug release kinetics from hydroxypropylmethylcellulose matrix tablets

The dissolution of 7 drugs from hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) matrices have been examined to determine the time exponent (tⁿ) required to produce linear dissolution profiles. A value of n = ˜ 0.67 was obtained for time-dependent release for soluble drugs, the precise values being 0.71, 0.65, 0.67 and 0.64 for promethazine hydrochloride, aminophylline, propranolol hydrochloride and theophylline, respectively. The insoluble drugs, indomethacin and diazepam, displayed values of n = 0.90 and 0.82 indicating a near zero-order release. Matrices containing tetracycline hydrochloride, however, showed a value of n = 0.45 and displayed complex release patterns and lower release rates than anticipated on the basis of solubility. Replacement of HPMC by calcium phosphate or lactose increased the dissolution rates of promethazine hydrochloride although the values of n were unchanged. Differences in release rates between lactose and calcium phosphate replacement occurred only when matrices contained high levels of the diluents. A straight line relationship existed between release rates and tablet surface area for HPMC tablets containing promethazine hydrochloride.     

异丙嗪对小鼠利多卡因致惊厥作用的影响

目的:观察异丙嗪(promethazine,Prom )对小鼠利多卡因(lidocaine)致惊厥作用的影响.方法:腹腔注射利多卡因建立小鼠惊厥模型,观察腹腔注射3种剂量的异丙嗪对小鼠惊厥持续期、惊厥发生率和死亡率的影响.结果:异丙嗪可剂量依赖性地缩短小鼠利多卡因中毒惊厥的持续期(P＜0.01),但对惊厥发生率、死亡率无显著影响(P＞0.05).结论:异丙嗪缩短利多卡因惊厥持续期,有一定的抗惊厥作用.     

异丙嗪对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者使用无创正压通气耐受性及安全性的临床观察

目的 评估异丙嗪是否可以提高慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者对无创正压通气（NPPV）的耐受性及其安全性.方法 将41例因AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭进行NPPV治疗的住院患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,在使用NPPV治疗前半小时,对照组给予生理盐水1 ml,治疗组给予异丙嗪25 mg,分别肌肉注射.观察NPPV治疗过程中患者PaO2、PaCO2、呼吸频率、心率、辅助呼吸肌评分以及NPPV不耐受例数.结果 治疗组患者在NPPV后2小时,PaO2、PaCO2、呼吸频率、心率、辅助呼吸肌评分均明显改善（P＜0.05）,NPPV不耐受例数明显低于对照组.NIPPV后24小时,两组患者PaO2、PaC02、呼吸频率、心率、辅助呼吸肌评分及NPPV不耐受新增例数比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 异丙嗪可以在早期提高AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者对NPPV的耐受性,并且安全性良好.     

异丙嗪治疗25例小脑出血性眩晕疗效观察

目的探讨异丙嗪治疗小脑出血所致眩晕的临床疗效。方法将25例小脑出血患者随机分为两组,对照组为常规营养神经、抑酸以及甲氧氯普胺镇吐等治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗方案的基础上加用异丙嗪肌肉注射。结果两组比较总有效率治疗组明显高于对照组。结论异丙嗪治疗小脑出血导致的眩晕起效快,效果显著,值得临床推广应用。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳材料清除的临床研究

目的 探讨分析采用不同方式清除聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的适应症和手术方法.方法 对212例患者针对不同病情及要求,采取经乳晕切口单纯清除注射材料、清除材料同时行假体植入、清除材料同时行乳房提升、经乳腔镜清除材料等不同手术方式进行处理.结果 212例患者中单纯经乳晕切口清除139例,乳腔镜清除15例,同期植入假体46例,行乳房提升12例.大部分患者效果满意.结论 注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶患者要求清除者,应根据患者的具体注射情况及不同要求,在充分进行术前评估的基础上,采用合理方法进行处理,尽可能减少材料残留,达到满意效果,恢复乳房美观形态.     

丁丙诺啡舌下片合并东莨菪碱、异丙嗪药物依赖者停药后脑白质的弥散张量成像纵向研究

目的 观察中国南方新近出现的盐酸丁丙诺啡舌下片合并东莨菪碱、异丙嗪药物依赖者(BSP依赖者)停药后脑白质完整性的动态变化.方法 采用弥散张量成像(DTI)方法对16例BSP依赖者停药后第3天、第1个月以及第2个月各向异性分数(FA)进行了自身前后对比研究,并设立18例正常对照组.结果 与正常对照组相比,停药3dBSP依赖者额叶(14,48.- 16;28,-26,46)、胼胝体(18,30,-14;- 14,26,-12)、顶叶(-50,-26,26)、颞叶(-46,-40,6;34,- 62,8)区域白质FA值显著性低于正常对照组(P＜0.001).与停药3d相比,BSP依赖者停药1个月白质FA值没有变化,停药后2个月部分脑区白质FA值有所增高,包括左侧额上回(-20,50,18)、右侧额中回(30,- 20,44)以及右侧顶下小叶(38,-30,34),差异有显著性(P＜0.001).对比停药2个月BSP依赖者与正常对照组,先前受损严重的脑区额叶、胼胝体、顶叶、颞叶区域白质FA值仍低于正常对照组(P＜0.01).结论 BSP滥用导致白质完整性的损害随着戒断时间的延长,前额叶等受损脑区在停药2个月后可得到部分恢复,但仍不能达到正常水平.     

人工神经元网络用于复方氯丙嗪的含量测定

将误差反向传播(BP)的人工神经元网络(ANN)模型，用于复方氯丙嗪紫外重叠光谱分 析。对ANN模型的参数进行了优化。采用f(x)二1/(1+e^-x)作为网络节点的输入输出转换函数的三 层神经网络具有较佳性能，当取隐含节点数为15时，该网络预测结果的最小平均相对误差为1.22％， 将研制的ANN模型用于复方氯丙嗪含量测定，其结果与药品标准法和偏最小二乘法(PLs)一致。